In the time domain, the losses can be added by using the Rayleigh Damping option in the
Mechanical Damping and
Coupling Loss subnodes, and by using the
Dielectric Dispersion option in the
Dielectric Loss subnodes. These types of damping are also available in the frequency domain.
In the frequency domain, the dissipative behavior of the material can be modeled using complex-valued material properties, irrespective of the loss mechanism. Such hysteretic losses can be applied to model both electrical and mechanical losses. For the case of piezoelectric materials, this means that the constitutive equations are written as follows.
where , , and ε are complex-valued matrices, where the imaginary part defines the dissipative function of the material.
where m and
n refer to components of each matrix.
where σe is the material electrical conductivity, and
E is the electric field. The above form of the equation is used for the eigenfrequency analysis in COMSOL Multiphysics.
The Dielectric Loss subnode can be set to use the
Dielectric Dispersion option. In such case, the following equations need to be solved in the time domain:
where you can specify two material parameters: the relaxation time τd and the relative permittivity increment
ΔεrS. The latter can be either a matrix or a scalar quantity. This model is a one-term version of the more general Debye dispersion model,
Ref. 13.
In most cases, the factor jω can be factored out, so that the following equation is solved:
which shows how the dispersion parameters contribute to the polarization and losses. Thus, the effective relative permittivity varies from εrS + ΔεrS down to
εrS as the excitation frequency increases from zero. The damping effect vanishes for both large and small frequencies, and it reaches the maximum for
ω = 1/τd.
where Jc =
σcE is the conduction electric current.