where δ is the Dirac delta function,
FD,i is the drag force exerted on the
ith particle, and
N is the total number of particles. The equation for the volume force is unusable in this form, however, for the following reasons:
For example, instead of allocating degrees of freedom for 107 small particles, it will often suffice to model 10
4 particles, each of which has a
Force multiplication factor of 10
3, meaning that it exerts a volume force that is 10
3 times greater in magnitude than the drag force that acts on it.
The treatment of the constant mass flow rate is determined by the Particle release specification list in the settings window for the Particle Tracing for Fluid Flow interface. If
Specify release times is selected, the volume force is computed using
Equation 6-13 and is determined by the instantaneous positions of all model particles. Thus, it is necessary to solve for the particle trajectories, fluid velocity, and pressure in the time domain. If
Specify mass flow rate is selected, the volume force is computed using
Equation 6-14 and is determined by the time history of the model particle positions.
The difference between the Specify mass flow rate and
Specify release times option in the
Particle release specification list is thus analogous to the difference between integration over
Elements and time and integration over
Elements as described for the
Accumulator (Domain) node.
At this point, the effect of a bidirectional coupling between the particle trajectories and fields has not been considered. For the Specify release times option, this does not require special consideration because the trajectories and fields are computed simultaneously. For the
Specify mass flow rate option, however, the trajectories and fields are computed using different study types, and an additional feedback mechanism is needed. The
Bidirectionally Coupled Particle Tracing study step can be used to generate a solver sequence that does the following:
The Fluid–Particle Interaction node defines variables for each component of the volume force exerted by particles on the surrounding fluid. These variables are discretized using constant shape functions that are, in general, discontinuous across boundaries between elements. For a mesh element
j with volume
Vj, and with the
Particle release specification set to
Specify release times, the average volume force
FV,j is
where ni is the force multiplication factor of the
ith model particle. The integral on the right-hand side is a volume integral over element
j. The resulting volume force is the average volume force over the mesh element, which may be written more concisely as
If instead the Particle release specification is
Specify mass flow rate, each model particle represents a number of particles per unit time which follow along the same path, determined by the effective frequency of release
frel. The volume force within the mesh element can then be expressed as the solution to the first-order equation