For highly accurate simulations of heat transfer between a solid and a fluid in the turbulent flow regime, low-Reynolds turbulence models resolve the temperature field in the fluid all the way to the solid wall. This model is available in the Turbulent Flow, Low-Re k-ε interface (
) as well as in the Turbulent Flow, SST interface (
). The SST (shear stress transport) interface is suitable for many external flow cases and internal flows with sudden expansion. The standard k-
ε turbulence model in the Turbulent Flow, k-
ε interface (
) is computationally inexpensive compared to the other transport two-equation turbulence models but usually less accurate. The Algebraic yPlus and L-VEL interfaces are adapted for internal flows.
With the use of the CFD Module, additional turbulence models are available. The Realizable k-ε model is similar to the standard
k-
ε model but has built-in realizability constraints, resulting in improved performance for certain flows, such as turbulent jets. The
k-
ω model is an alternative to the standard
k-
ε model and often gives more accurate results, especially in recirculation regions and close to solid walls. However, the
k-
ω model is also less robust than the standard
k-
ε model. The Spalart-Allmaras interface is a dedicated physics interface for conjugate heat transfer in aerodynamics, for example, in the simulation of wing profiles. The v2-f model includes near-wall turbulence anisotropy and is giving highly accurate results.