External Loads
The contributions to the virtual work from an external load is given by
where the force F can be distributed over a boundary, an edge, or it can be concentrated in a point. In the special case of a follower load, defined by a pressure p, the force intensity is F = pn, where n is the normal vector to the membrane surface in the deformed configuration.
For a follower load, the change in midsurface area is taken into account, and integration of the load is done in the deformed configuration.