Add a Warpage node to evaluate the change in shape of a surface. Warpage is defined as the difference between the actual deformation of a surface and an average rigid motion of the same surface or a reference plane. Warpage is measured along the normal of the surface.

The Warpage node is only available with some COMSOL products (see www.comsol.com/products/specifications/).

Select a Rotation model — Small rotations, Finite rotations, symmetric segregated, or Finite rotations, unsymmetric coupled.

With the small rotation formulation, warping can be evaluated using explicit expressions, so the only effect of using a Warpage node is to define new variables.

If the variables created by Warpage are used in other equations, you should also typically use the unsymmetric coupled option.

Select a Reference plane — Automatic or From points.

With the Automatic formulation, warping is evaluated using an average rigid motion of the selected surface.

When From points is selected, specify the points that define the reference plane. In case the Symmetry type is set to Symmetry or Antisymmetry, the points should not be placed in the symmetry plane.

Select a Symmetry type — None, Symmetry, or Antisymmetry.

With the Symmetry and Antisymmetry formulations, warping evaluation is compensated to include the symmetry or antisymmetry condition, respectively. These formulations require that you specify the entity that represents the symmetry plane in the Symmetry Plane Selection section. The Antisymmetry formulation is only available when Rotation model is set to Small rotations.