The far electromagnetic field from, for example, antennas can be calculated from the near-field solution on a boundary using far-field analysis. The antenna is located in the vicinity of the origin, while the far field is taken at infinity but with a well-defined angular direction (θ, φ). The far-field radiation pattern is given by evaluating the squared norm of the far field on a sphere centered at the origin. Each coordinate on the surface of the sphere represents an angular direction.