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Isothermal Box
Introduction
This example solves the heat transfer in an isothermal box aimed at transporting refrigerated articles such as medical materials for 24 hours. In this case, the box not only has to keep the content cold over a long period of time, but also has to respect a storage temperature restriction. In this model, the restriction interval is between 2°C and 8°C.
The box needs an insulating material such as foam to separate the content from the exterior environment. A cold source, for instance ice at nearly −5°C, is then added. However, to stay above the lower temperature bound of 2°C, foam is also placed between the ice and the contents.
A thickening agent often increases the water viscosity before freezing it. Once melt, this eutectic mixture is meant to avoid convective motion that may accelerate warming.
Figure 1: Geometry and material distribution of the isothermal box.
Model Definition
Figure 1 illustrates the geometry and material distribution of the isothermal box. Foam isolates the box from the exterior environment. The content is surrounded by four eutectic plates behind foam layers at the vertical boundaries. The remaining space at the corners of the content is filled with air. The content is at an initial temperature of 5°C.
Ambient Temperature
In this model, the ambient temperature follows the last climate data from ASHRAE. The Sevilla weather station was chosen for this simulation (see Figure 2), with a typical temperature profile of June 1st, starting at 6 a.m.
Figure 2: Typical ambient temperature profile according to ASHRAE climate data, given by the Sevilla weather station from June 1st at 6 a.m. to June 4th at 6 a.m.
Convective cooling conditions with this time-dependent temperature profile apply on the exterior boundaries of the box.
Generic Material for the Content
To simplify the model, you can consider that all the available space for the content is used. This assumption corresponds to cases where overpackaging fills the remaining empty space to attenuate shocks caused by transportation. The content may also change depending on the situations. Hence, a generic material with thermophysical properties stated in Table 1 is used for this simulation.
Table 1: Thermophysical Properties of the Generic Material.
Thermophysical Property
Value
Thermal conductivity
1 W/(m·K)
Density
2000 kg/m3
Heat capacity at constant pressure
800 J/(kg·K)
Thin Thermally Resistive Layers
The eutectic mixture is generally contained in thin plastic packages that behave as resistive layers. The thermal conductivity is set to 0.30 W/(m·K) in this model and the thickness to 1 mm. Similarly, thin air layers between foam, lid, and content (see Figure 3) can be modeled as a thin film of conductivity 0.025 W/(m·K) and thickness 50 μm.
Figure 3: Selection corresponding to the air thin thermally resistive layers.
Ice-to-Water Phase Change
To keep the medical content refrigerated during transportation, the four lateral eutectic plates act as energy storage that maintain the box at low temperature. Phase change occurs at around 0°C. As long as the ice is not completely melt, ideally all along the transportation time, the temperature in the eutectic plates remain stable near 0°C which protects the content from exceeding the critical temperature.
Results and Discussion
Figure 4 shows several curves representing the evolution of temperature in the box for 72 hours, together with a temperature plot of the eutectic plates.
Figure 4: Temperature variations of the contents (red, green, and blue), average temperature of the ice blocks (cyan) and critical values (dotted lines), during 72 hours.
The average temperature of the ice (cyan curve) quickly falls from −5°C to −1°C but remains close to 0°C for nearly 24 hours. The plain green, blue, and red curves show the evolution of average, minimum, and maximum temperature of the content, respectively. They remain in the range 2°C to 8°C (dotted lines) during the first 24 hours. Between 24 and 48 hours, just after the end of the melting process, the content comes increasingly closer to the critical temperature of 8°C. After 48 hours, the whole box is too close or above 8°C.
Figure 5: Temperature field in the box at time 24 hours.
Figure 5 shows the temperature profile in the box after 24 hours of transportation. Sharp temperature gradients can be observed in the foam insulating layers, which protects the content from outside warmth.
Application Library path: Heat_Transfer_Module/Medical_Technology/isothermal_box
Modeling Instructions
From the File menu, choose New.
New
In the New window, click  Model Wizard.
Model Wizard
1
In the Model Wizard window, click  3D.
2
In the Select Physics tree, select Heat Transfer > Heat Transfer in Solids (ht).
3
Click Add.
4
Click  Study.
5
In the Select Study tree, select General Studies > Time Dependent.
6
Click  Done.
Global Definitions
Parameters 1
Start by entering the model parameters.
1
In the Model Builder window, under Global Definitions click Parameters 1.
2
In the Settings window for Parameters, locate the Parameters section.
3
In the table, enter the following settings:
Name
Expression
Value
Description
box_w
40[cm]
0.4 m
Box width
box_d
40[cm]
0.4 m
Box depth
box_h
24[cm]
0.24 m
Box height
content_w
24[cm]
0.24 m
Content width
content_d
24[cm]
0.24 m
Content depth
content_h
20[cm]
0.2 m
Content height
ice_t
2[cm]
0.02 m
Eutectic plates thickness
foam_t
4[cm]
0.04 m
Foam layers thickness
lid_t
4[cm]
0.04 m
Box lid thickness
The next steps create the geometry with cumulative selections.
Geometry 1
Block 1 (blk1)
1
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Block.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Size and Shape section.
3
In the Width text field, type box_w.
4
In the Depth text field, type box_d.
5
In the Height text field, type box_h.
6
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
Block 2 (blk2)
1
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Block.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Size and Shape section.
3
In the Width text field, type content_w.
4
In the Depth text field, type content_d.
5
In the Height text field, type content_h.
6
Locate the Position section. In the x text field, type (box_w-content_w)/2.
7
In the y text field, type (box_d-content_d)/2.
8
In the z text field, type box_h-content_h.
9
Locate the Selections of Resulting Entities section. Find the Cumulative selection subsection. Click New.
10
In the New Cumulative Selection dialog, type Content in the Name text field.
11
Click OK.
12
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
13
Click the  Transparency button in the Graphics toolbar.
The Transparency functionality is convenient here to display the interior of the box.
Block 3 (blk3)
1
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Block.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Size and Shape section.
3
In the Width text field, type ice_t.
4
In the Depth text field, type content_d.
5
In the Height text field, type content_h.
6
Locate the Position section. In the x text field, type box_w-foam_t-ice_t.
7
In the y text field, type (box_d-content_d)/2.
8
In the z text field, type box_h-content_h.
9
Locate the Selections of Resulting Entities section. Find the Cumulative selection subsection. Click New.
10
In the New Cumulative Selection dialog, type Ice in the Name text field.
11
Click OK.
12
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
Block 4 (blk4)
1
Right-click Block 3 (blk3) and choose Duplicate.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Position section.
3
In the x text field, type foam_t.
4
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
Block 5 (blk5)
1
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Block.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Size and Shape section.
3
In the Width text field, type content_w.
4
In the Depth text field, type ice_t.
5
In the Height text field, type content_h.
6
Locate the Position section. In the x text field, type (box_w-content_w)/2.
7
In the y text field, type foam_t.
8
In the z text field, type box_h-content_h.
9
Locate the Selections of Resulting Entities section. Find the Cumulative selection subsection. From the Contribute to list, choose Ice.
10
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
Block 6 (blk6)
1
Right-click Block 5 (blk5) and choose Duplicate.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Position section.
3
In the y text field, type box_d-foam_t-ice_t.
4
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
Block 7 (blk7)
1
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Block.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Size and Shape section.
3
In the Width text field, type (box_w-content_w)/2-foam_t.
4
In the Depth text field, type (box_d-content_d)/2-foam_t.
5
In the Height text field, type content_h.
6
Locate the Position section. In the x text field, type foam_t.
7
In the y text field, type foam_t.
8
In the z text field, type box_h-content_h.
9
Locate the Selections of Resulting Entities section. Find the Cumulative selection subsection. Click New.
10
In the New Cumulative Selection dialog, type Empty Space in the Name text field.
11
Click OK.
12
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
Block 8 (blk8)
1
Right-click Block 7 (blk7) and choose Duplicate.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Position section.
3
In the x text field, type (box_w+content_w)/2.
4
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
Block 9 (blk9)
1
Right-click Block 8 (blk8) and choose Duplicate.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Position section.
3
In the y text field, type (box_d+content_d)/2.
4
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
Block 10 (blk10)
1
Right-click Block 9 (blk9) and choose Duplicate.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Position section.
3
In the x text field, type foam_t.
4
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
Block 11 (blk11)
1
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Block.
2
In the Settings window for Block, locate the Size and Shape section.
3
In the Width text field, type box_w.
4
In the Depth text field, type box_d.
5
In the Height text field, type lid_t.
6
Locate the Position section. In the z text field, type box_h.
7
In the Geometry toolbar, click  Build All.
8
Click the  Zoom Extents button in the Graphics toolbar.
After finalizing the geometry, define a few remaining useful selections to be used in the rest of the model.
Definitions
Foam
1
In the Definitions toolbar, click  Explicit.
2
In the Settings window for Explicit, type Foam in the Label text field.
3
Select Domains 1 and 2 only.
Thin Air Resistive Layers
1
In the Definitions toolbar, click  Adjacent.
2
In the Settings window for Adjacent, type Thin Air Resistive Layers in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Input Entities section. Under Input selections, click  Add.
4
In the Add dialog, in the Input selections list, choose Foam and Content.
5
Click OK.
6
In the Settings window for Adjacent, locate the Output Entities section.
7
From the Exterior boundaries list, choose None.
8
Select the Interior boundaries checkbox.
Exterior Surfaces
1
In the Definitions toolbar, click  Explicit.
2
In the Settings window for Explicit, type Exterior Surfaces in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Input Entities section. Select the All domains checkbox.
4
Locate the Output Entities section. From the Output entities list, choose Adjacent boundaries.
In order to monitor the temperature field inside the box, define now a few probes that would display temperature values during computation.
Content Minimum
1
In the Definitions toolbar, click  Probes and choose Domain Probe.
2
In the Settings window for Domain Probe, type Content Minimum in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Probe Type section. From the Type list, choose Minimum.
4
Locate the Source Selection section. From the Selection list, choose Content.
5
Locate the Expression section. From the Table and plot unit list, choose °C.
Content Average
1
In the Definitions toolbar, click  Probes and choose Domain Probe.
2
In the Settings window for Domain Probe, type Content Average in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Source Selection section. From the Selection list, choose Content.
4
Locate the Expression section. From the Table and plot unit list, choose °C.
Content Maximum
1
In the Definitions toolbar, click  Probes and choose Domain Probe.
2
In the Settings window for Domain Probe, type Content Maximum in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Probe Type section. From the Type list, choose Maximum.
4
Locate the Source Selection section. From the Selection list, choose Content.
5
Locate the Expression section. From the Table and plot unit list, choose °C.
Ice Average
1
In the Definitions toolbar, click  Probes and choose Domain Probe.
2
In the Settings window for Domain Probe, type Ice Average in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Source Selection section. From the Selection list, choose Ice.
4
Locate the Expression section. From the Table and plot unit list, choose °C.
Before setting up the material properties, specify the boundaries which are modeled as thin layers or as thin films, and which domains that are solid or changing phase. Using this information, COMSOL Multiphysics can detect which material properties are needed.
Heat Transfer in Solids (ht)
Fluid 1
1
In the Physics toolbar, click  Domains and choose Fluid.
2
In the Settings window for Fluid, locate the Domain Selection section.
3
From the Selection list, choose Ice.
Phase Change Material 1
In the Physics toolbar, click  Attributes and choose Phase Change Material.
Thin Film 1
1
In the Physics toolbar, click  Boundaries and choose Thin Film.
2
In the Settings window for Thin Film, locate the Boundary Selection section.
3
From the Selection list, choose Thin Air Resistive Layers.
Thin Layer 1
1
In the Physics toolbar, click  Boundaries and choose Thin Layer.
2
In the Settings window for Thin Layer, locate the Boundary Selection section.
3
From the Selection list, choose Ice.
Materials
You can now define the material properties.
Foam
1
In the Materials toolbar, click  Blank Material.
2
In the Settings window for Material, type Foam in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Geometric Entity Selection section. From the Selection list, choose Foam.
4
Locate the Material Contents section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Variable
Value
Unit
Property group
Thermal conductivity
k_iso ; kii = k_iso, kij = 0
0.03[W/(m*K)]
W/(m·K)
Basic
Density
rho
25[kg/m^3]
kg/m³
Basic
Heat capacity at constant pressure
Cp
2[J/(kg*K)]
J/(kg·K)
Basic
Content Material
1
In the Materials toolbar, click  Blank Material.
2
In the Settings window for Material, type Content Material in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Geometric Entity Selection section. From the Selection list, choose Content.
4
Locate the Material Contents section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Variable
Value
Unit
Property group
Thermal conductivity
k_iso ; kii = k_iso, kij = 0
1[W/(m*K)]
W/(m·K)
Basic
Density
rho
2000[kg/m^3]
kg/m³
Basic
Heat capacity at constant pressure
Cp
800[J/(kg*K)]
J/(kg·K)
Basic
Add Material
1
In the Materials toolbar, click  Add Material to open the Add Material window.
2
Go to the Add Material window.
3
In the tree, select Built-in > Air.
4
Click the Add to Component button in the window toolbar.
5
In the Materials toolbar, click  Add Material to close the Add Material window.
Materials
Air (mat3)
1
In the Settings window for Material, locate the Geometric Entity Selection section.
2
From the Selection list, choose Empty Space.
Water
1
In the Materials toolbar, click  Blank Material.
2
In the Settings window for Material, type Water in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Geometric Entity Selection section. From the Selection list, choose Ice.
4
Locate the Material Contents section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Variable
Value
Unit
Property group
Thermal conductivity
k_iso ; kii = k_iso, kij = 0
0.6[W/(m*K)]
W/(m·K)
Basic
Density
rho
1000[kg/m^3]
kg/m³
Basic
Heat capacity at constant pressure
Cp
4200[J/(kg*K)]
J/(kg·K)
Basic
Ice
1
In the Materials toolbar, click  Blank Material.
2
In the Settings window for Material, type Ice in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Geometric Entity Selection section. From the Selection list, choose Ice.
4
Locate the Material Contents section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Variable
Value
Unit
Property group
Thermal conductivity
k_iso ; kii = k_iso, kij = 0
2.3[W/(m*K)]
W/(m·K)
Basic
Density
rho
1000[kg/m^3]
kg/m³
Basic
Heat capacity at constant pressure
Cp
2050[J/(kg*K)]
J/(kg·K)
Basic
Eutectic Plates Package
1
In the Materials toolbar, click  Blank Material.
2
In the Settings window for Material, type Eutectic Plates Package in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Geometric Entity Selection section. From the Geometric entity level list, choose Boundary.
4
From the Selection list, choose Ice.
5
Locate the Material Contents section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Variable
Value
Unit
Property group
Thermal conductivity
k_iso ; kii = k_iso, kij = 0
0.3[W/(m*K)]
W/(m·K)
Basic
Density
rho
1050[kg/m^3]
kg/m³
Basic
Heat capacity at constant pressure
Cp
20[J/(kg*K)]
J/(kg·K)
Basic
Thickness
lth
300[um]
m
Shell
Add Material
1
In the Materials toolbar, click  Add Material to open the Add Material window.
2
Go to the Add Material window.
3
In the tree, select Built-in > Air.
4
Click the Add to Component button in the window toolbar.
5
In the Materials toolbar, click  Add Material to close the Add Material window.
Materials
Air Boundaries
1
In the Settings window for Material, type Air Boundaries in the Label text field.
2
Locate the Geometric Entity Selection section. From the Geometric entity level list, choose Boundary.
3
From the Selection list, choose Thin Air Resistive Layers.
4
Locate the Material Contents section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Property
Variable
Value
Unit
Property group
Thickness
lth
50[um]
m
Shell
In the subsequent instructions you will define the ambient temperature using the ASHRAE climate data at a given weather station and set up the domain and boundary conditions.
Definitions (comp1)
Ambient Properties 1 (ampr1)
1
In the Physics toolbar, click  Shared Properties and choose Ambient Properties.
2
In the Settings window for Ambient Properties, locate the Ambient Settings section.
3
From the Ambient data list, choose Meteorological data (ASHRAE 2021).
4
Locate the Location section. Click Set Weather Station.
5
In the Weather Station dialog, select Europe > Spain > SEVILLA AP (083910) in the tree.
6
Click OK.
7
In the Settings window for Ambient Properties, locate the Time section.
8
Find the Local time subsection. In the table, enter the following settings:
Hour
Minute
Second
10
00
00
Heat Transfer in Solids (ht)
Phase Change Material 1
1
In the Model Builder window, under Component 1 (comp1) > Heat Transfer in Solids (ht) > Fluid 1 click Phase Change Material 1.
2
In the Settings window for Phase Change Material, locate the Phase Change section.
3
In the ΔT1 → 2 text field, type 3.5[K].
4
Locate the Phase 1 section. From the Material, phase 1 list, choose Ice (mat5).
5
Locate the Phase 2 section. From the Material, phase 2 list, choose Water (mat4).
Isothermal Domain 1
1
In the Physics toolbar, click  Domains and choose Isothermal Domain.
2
In the Settings window for Isothermal Domain, locate the Domain Selection section.
3
From the Selection list, choose Empty Space.
Isothermal Domain Interface 1
1
In the Model Builder window, click Isothermal Domain Interface 1.
2
In the Settings window for Isothermal Domain Interface, locate the Isothermal Domain Interface section.
3
From the Interface type list, choose Convective heat flux.
4
In the h text field, type 5[W/(m^2*K)].
Initial Values 1
1
In the Model Builder window, click Initial Values 1.
2
In the Settings window for Initial Values, locate the Initial Values section.
3
In the T text field, type 20[degC].
Initial Values 2
1
In the Physics toolbar, click  Domains and choose Initial Values.
2
In the Settings window for Initial Values, locate the Domain Selection section.
3
From the Selection list, choose Content.
4
Locate the Initial Values section. In the T text field, type 5[degC].
Initial Values 3
1
In the Physics toolbar, click  Domains and choose Initial Values.
2
In the Settings window for Initial Values, locate the Domain Selection section.
3
From the Selection list, choose Ice.
4
Locate the Initial Values section. In the T text field, type -5[degC].
Heat Flux 1
1
In the Physics toolbar, click  Boundaries and choose Heat Flux.
2
In the Settings window for Heat Flux, locate the Boundary Selection section.
3
From the Selection list, choose Exterior Surfaces.
4
Locate the Heat Flux section. From the Flux type list, choose Convective heat flux.
5
In the h text field, type 5[W/(m^2*K)].
6
From the Text list, choose Ambient temperature (ampr1).
Mesh 1
For phase change materials, a finer mesh is necessary in order to accurately model the melting front. In the following steps, build a finer mesh within the ice domains compared to the remaining parts of the box.
Free Tetrahedral 1
1
In the Mesh toolbar, click  Free Tetrahedral.
2
In the Settings window for Free Tetrahedral, locate the Domain Selection section.
3
From the Geometric entity level list, choose Domain.
4
From the Selection list, choose Ice.
Size 1
1
In the Mesh toolbar, click Size Attribute and choose Extra Fine.
2
In the Settings window for Size, click  Build Selected.
Free Tetrahedral 2
1
In the Mesh toolbar, click  Free Tetrahedral.
2
Click  Build Mesh.
The model is now ready for computation.
Study 1
Step 1: Time Dependent
1
In the Model Builder window, under Study 1 click Step 1: Time Dependent.
2
In the Settings window for Time Dependent, locate the Study Settings section.
3
From the Time unit list, choose h.
4
Click  Range.
5
In the Range dialog, type 3 in the Step text field.
6
In the Stop text field, type 72.
7
Click Replace.
For more robust convergence, tighten the relative tolerance, which controls the size of the time steps taken by the solver.
8
In the Settings window for Time Dependent, locate the Study Settings section.
9
From the Tolerance list, choose User controlled.
10
In the Relative tolerance text field, type 1e-3.
11
In the Study toolbar, click  Compute.
Results
Change the unit of the temperature results to degrees Celsius.
Preferred Units 1
1
In the Results toolbar, click  Configurations and choose Preferred Units.
2
In the Settings window for Preferred Units, locate the Units section.
3
Click  Add Physical Quantity.
4
In the Physical Quantity dialog, select General > Temperature (K) in the tree.
5
Click OK.
6
In the Settings window for Preferred Units, locate the Units section.
7
In the table, enter the following settings:
Quantity
Unit
Preferred unit
Temperature
K
°C
8
Click  Apply.
The first default plot shows the temperature values caught by the previously defined probes during computation. Complete it by displaying the temperature restriction interval.
Content Temperature
1
In the Model Builder window, under Results click Probe Plot Group 1.
2
In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, type Content Temperature in the Label text field.
3
Click to expand the Title section. From the Title type list, choose Manual.
4
In the Title text area, type Temperature of the probes over time.
5
Locate the Plot Settings section. Select the x-axis label checkbox.
6
Select the y-axis label checkbox. In the associated text field, type Temperature (°C).
7
Locate the Data section. From the Dataset list, choose Probe Solution 2 (sol1).
8
Locate the Legend section. From the Position list, choose Upper middle.
Probe Table Graph 1
1
In the Model Builder window, expand the Content Temperature node, then click Probe Table Graph 1.
2
In the Settings window for Table Graph, locate the Coloring and Style section.
3
From the Width list, choose 2.
4
Click to expand the Legends section. From the Legends list, choose Manual.
5
In the table, enter the following settings:
Legends
Content minimum
Content average
Content maximum
Ice average
Content Temperature
In the Model Builder window, click Content Temperature.
Global 1
1
In the Content Temperature toolbar, click  Global.
2
In the Settings window for Global, locate the y-Axis Data section.
3
In the table, enter the following settings:
Expression
Unit
Description
2[degC]
degC
Temperature restriction, lower bound
4
Click to expand the Title section. From the Title type list, choose None.
5
Click to expand the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. From the Line list, choose Dotted.
6
From the Color list, choose Blue.
7
Click to expand the Legends section. Clear the Show legends checkbox.
8
In the Content Temperature toolbar, click  Plot.
Content Temperature
In the Model Builder window, click Content Temperature.
Global 2
1
In the Content Temperature toolbar, click  Global.
2
In the Settings window for Global, locate the y-Axis Data section.
3
In the table, enter the following settings:
Expression
Unit
Description
8[degC]
degC
Temperature restriction, upper bound
4
Locate the Title section. From the Title type list, choose None.
5
Locate the Coloring and Style section. Find the Line style subsection. From the Line list, choose Dotted.
6
From the Color list, choose Red.
7
Locate the Legends section. Clear the Show legends checkbox.
8
In the Content Temperature toolbar, click  Plot.
Temperature (ht)
The second default plot shows the temperature in volume.
1
In the Model Builder window, under Results click Temperature (ht).
2
In the Settings window for 3D Plot Group, locate the Data section.
3
From the Time (h) list, choose 24.
The following steps add a plot of the phase change front.
4
In the Model Builder window, click Temperature (ht).
Isosurface 1
1
In the Temperature (ht) toolbar, click  Isosurface.
2
In the Settings window for Isosurface, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the Expression section. From the menu, choose Component 1 (comp1) > Heat Transfer in Solids > Phase change > ht.alpha12 - Phase transition between phase 1 and phase 2 - 1.
3
Locate the Levels section. From the Entry method list, choose Levels.
4
In the Levels text field, type 0.5.
5
Locate the Coloring and Style section. From the Coloring list, choose Uniform.
6
From the Color list, choose White.
7
Clear the Color legend checkbox.
8
In the Temperature (ht) toolbar, click  Plot.
Volume Average 1
1
In the Results toolbar, click  More Derived Values and choose Average > Volume Average.
2
Select Domain 4 only.
3
In the Settings window for Volume Average, locate the Expressions section.
4
In the table, enter the following settings:
Expression
Unit
Description
ht.theta1
1
 
5
Click  Evaluate.
Ice Fraction
1
In the Results toolbar, click  1D Plot Group.
2
In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, type Ice Fraction in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Plot Settings section.
4
Select the y-axis label checkbox. In the associated text field, type Volume fraction (1).
5
Locate the Title section. From the Title type list, choose Manual.
6
In the Title text area, type Ice fraction in eutectic plates.
Table Graph 1
1
Right-click Ice Fraction and choose Table Graph.
2
In the Settings window for Table Graph, locate the Data section.
3
From the Table list, choose Table 2.
4
In the Ice Fraction toolbar, click  Plot.
Create a new plot group showing the ambient temperature provided by the built-in climate data.
Ambient Temperature
1
In the Results toolbar, click  1D Plot Group.
2
In the Settings window for 1D Plot Group, type Ambient Temperature in the Label text field.
3
Locate the Legend section. Clear the Show legends checkbox.
Global 1
1
In the Ambient Temperature toolbar, click  Global.
2
In the Settings window for Global, click Replace Expression in the upper-right corner of the y-Axis Data section. From the menu, choose Component 1 (comp1) > Ambient data > ampr1.T_amb - Ambient temperature - K.
3
Locate the y-Axis Data section. In the table, enter the following settings:
Expression
Unit
Description
ampr1.T_amb
°C
Ambient temperature
4
In the Ambient Temperature toolbar, click  Plot.