The Accumulator (Boundary) feature transfers information from grains to the boundaries they hit. Each Accumulator defines a variable, called the accumulated variable, on the selected boundaries. The accumulated variable is discretized using constant shape functions, so its value is uniform over every mesh element and may be discontinuous between adjacent mesh elements.

The name of the accumulated variable is specified in the Accumulated variable name field in the Accumulator Settings section of the settings window. The default variable name, rpb, will be used in the remainder of this section when referring to the accumulated variable.

The options in the Accumulator type list are Density and Count. If Density is selected, the source term is divided by the surface area or length of the boundary mesh element when calculating each grain’s contribution to the accumulated variable. If Count is selected, no division by the surface area or length of the boundary element occurs.

The equations in the following section are valid for the Density type. The corresponding value of the accumulated variable for the Count type is

where V is the boundary element surface area (in 3D) or length (in 2D).

The accumulated variable in a boundary element gets incremented by the source term R whenever a grain hits the boundary:

where division by the mesh element area or length occurs because the accumulator is assumed to be of type Density. Thus the source term evaluated for an incident grain is uniformly distributed over the boundary element. It is possible for the same grain to increment the accumulated variable in many different boundary elements or even in the same element multiple times.

By default, the boundary Accumulator defines the following global variables:

Here, <scope> includes the physics interface name and <name> the Accumulator and parent feature. For example, the average of the accumulated variable over a boundary may be called gran.wp1.bacc1.rpb_ave, where gran is the name of the Granular Flow interface, wp1 is the name of the parent Wall node, bacc1 is the name of the Accumulator node, and rpb is the accumulated variable name. These variables are all available in the Insert Expression and Replace Expression menus during results evaluation.

These global variables are computed by defining a set of nonlocal couplings on the selection of the parent physics feature, such as the Wall feature to which the Accumulator is added. The following expressions for the global variables are used.

Here, <wscope> is the scope of the parent boundary feature; for example, gran.wp1.