 Chemical Species Transport |
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 Reacting Flow |
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 Reacting Flow in Porous Media |
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 Nonisothermal Reacting Flow |
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 Electrochemistry |
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 Battery Interfaces |
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 Fluid Flow |
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 Porous Media and Subsurface Flow |
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 Nonisothermal Flow |
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 Heat Transfer |
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) is tailored to detailed modeling of lithium-ion batteries using liquid electrolytes. It includes functionality for modeling the transport of charged species in porous electrodes and electrolytes, intercalation reactions in electrodes, the role of binders, charge-transfer reactions, internal particle diffusion, temperature-dependent transport properties, aging mechanisms, and the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI).
) is similar to the above interface, but uses a different default for charge-balance equation in the electrolyte, typically suitable for solid electrolytes.
) describes the conduction of electric current in the electrodes, the charge transfer reactions in the porous electrodes, the mass transport of ions in the pore electrolyte and in the electrolyte that separates the electrodes, and the intercalation of species in the particles that form the porous electrodes. The descriptions are available for cells with basic aqueous binary electrolytes, which for instance covers nickel-metal hydride and nickel-cadmium batteries.
) defines a battery model based on a small set of lumped parameters, requiring no knowledge of the internal structure or design of the battery electrodes, or choice of materials. Models created with the Lumped Battery interface can typically be used to monitor the state-of-charge and the voltage response of a battery during a load cycle. The interface also defines a battery heat source that may be coupled to a Heat Transfer interface for modeling battery cooling and thermal management.
) offers a slightly more advanced definition of the battery model where each electrode material is handled individually, but still in a lumped context. It accounts for solid diffusion in the electrode particles, the intercalation electrode reaction kinetics and ohmic potential drop in the separator using a lumped solution resistance term. Models defined in this way are also known as single-particle models in literature.
) can be used to define a battery model based on an arbitrary number of electrical circuit elements. Models created with the Battery Equivalent Circuit can typically be used to monitor the state-of-charge and the voltage response of a battery during a load cycle. When selecting the Battery Equivalent Circuit in the Model Wizard, this adds an Electrical Circuit (
) interface to the model, including a number of predefined circuit elements that are used to define the open circuit voltage, the load current and an internal resistance. You can add additional circuit elements such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors.
) is tailored for this type of battery and includes functionality that describes the transport of charged species, charge transfer reactions, the variation of porosity due to charge and discharge, and the average superficial velocity of the electrolyte caused by the change in porosity.
) features a one-to-many approach for setting up multiple lumped battery models and for connecting them in a 3D geometry. The Battery Pack interface is typically used together with a heat transfer interface for modeling of thermal pack management. The interface also includes thermal events, which can be used to study thermal runaway propagation problems.
) describes the transport of charged species in diluted electrolytes through diffusion, migration, and convection. In addition, it also includes ready-made formulations for porous and nonporous electrodes, including charge transfer reactions and current conduction in the electronic conductors.
) is a generic interface for defining electrolyte transport. The electrolyte transport model is based on concentrated solution theory and can be applied to any type of electrochemical cell for an arbitrary number of electrolyte species, for instance cells based on molten-salt or ionic-liquid electrolytes. The Lithium-Ion, Battery with Binary Electrolyte and Lead-Acid interfaces mentioned above all make use of variants of concentrated solution theory for specific ternary (anion/cation/solvent) electrolyte systems.
) can be used to describe for instance the transport of trace ions in the pore electrolyte and in the electrolyte that separates the anode and cathode. Reactions other than pure electrochemical reactions can be added to, for example, describe the degradation of materials. 
), found within the Chemical Species Transport branch, can be used to define systems of reacting species, electrode reactions and ordinary chemical reactions. As such, it serves as a reaction kinetics and material property provider to the space-dependent transport interfaces, such as the Tertiary Current Distribution, Nernst–Planck interface, or Transport of Diluted Species interface.
) describe the fluid flow in the porous electrodes and in free media if this is relevant for a specific type of battery, for example, certain types of lead-acid batteries.
) describes heat transfer in the cells. This includes the effects of Joule heating in the electrode material and in the electrolyte, heating due to activation losses in the electrochemical reactions, and of the net change of entropy. The heat from reactions other than the electrochemical reactions can also be described by these physics interfaces. The heat transfer interfaces are also extended with tailor-made functionality for homogenization of layered battery materials, which are typically used in thermal simulations of battery packs.
) is extended with functionality for modeling electrode strain due to, for instance, lithium intercalation in graphite electrodes.