The Water Hammer Interface
The Water Hammer (whtd) interface (), found under the Fluid Flow > Single-Phase Flow branch () when adding a physics interface, is used to compute the velocity and pressure fields for propagation of a hydraulic transient, also known as a water hammer, in elastic pipe systems. For example, the propagation of a water hammer in a piping system of an oil refining plant.
The equations governing the propagation of hydraulic transients in pipes stem from considering momentum, mass, and energy balances for a control volume of a piece of pipe. In the formulation of the Water Hammer interface, the compressibility effects of the fluid and pipe walls are linearized. The resulting equations are expressed in the cross-sectional averaged variables and reduce the equations to a 1D component with scalar field variables. The physics interface is available in 3D on edges and at points, and in 2D on boundaries and points.
When this physics interface is added, these default nodes are also added to the Model BuilderFluid Properties, Pipe Properties, Closed, and Initial Values. Then, from the Physics toolbar, add other nodes that implement, for example, boundary conditions. You can also right-click Water Hammer to select physics features from the context menu.
Settings
The Label is the default physics interface name.
The Name is used primarily as a scope prefix for variables defined by the physics interface. Refer to such physics interface variables in expressions using the pattern <name>.<variable_name>. In order to distinguish between variables belonging to different physics interfaces, the name string must be unique. Only letters, numbers, and underscores (_) are permitted in the Name field. The first character must be a letter.
The default Name (for the first physics interface in the model) is whtd.
Dependent Variables
This physics interface defines these dependent variables (fields). If required, edit the name, but dependent variables must be unique within a model:
Pressure p (SI unit: Pa)
Tangential velocity u (SI unit: m/s)
In the COMSOL Multiphysics Reference Manual see Table 2-4 for links to common sections and Table 2-5 to common feature nodes. You can also search for information: press F1 to open the Help window or Ctrl+F1 to open the Documentation window.
Water Hammer: Application Library path Pipe_Flow_Module/Verification_Examples/water_hammer_verification