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Newtonian and
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Saffman and Wall induced lift forces are applicable for particles traveling through a creeping flow. The Saffman lift force is applicable for particles far from walls. The Wall induced lift force is a specialized formulation to account for the effects of nearby walls as particles move through pipes or channels.
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In 3D models, using the Wall induced lift force can cause a significant increase in computation time, due to the additional overhead of locating the nearest point on a wall for each particle at every time step. This is most noticeable if the boundary mesh is very fine.
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The lift force depends on the spatial derivatives of the fluid velocity components. When fluid velocity is computed by using any fluid flow interfaces such as Laminar Flow interface, the discretization of fluids should be P2+P1 or higher. For example in the Settings window of Laminar Flow interface, expand the Discretization section and choose P2+P1 or higher discretization from the Discretization of fluids list.
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