Use the Damping subnode to add several types of damping to the material model. Damping can be used in Time Dependent, Eigenfrequency, and Frequency Domain studies; for other study types the settings in the Damping subnode are ignored.

The available damping models differs between various COMSOL products (see https://www.comsol.com/products/specifications/).

The applicability of the different damping models is summarized in Table 4-4.

Select a Damping type, and enter the settings accordingly.

This choice can be used in Eigenfrequency, Frequency Domain, and Time Dependent study. In this model, the damping ratio ξ is expressed in terms of the mass m and the stiffness k as

That is, Rayleigh damping is proportional to a linear combination of the stiffness and mass; there is no direct physical interpretation of the mass damping parameter αdM and the stiffness damping parameter βdK.

Select Input parameters — Alpha and beta — to enter the damping parameters explicitly, or Damping ratios to derive the damping parameters from the damping ratio at two frequencies.

When Alpha and beta is selected, enter values or expressions for the Mass damping parameter αdM and the Stiffness damping parameter βdK.

When Damping ratios is selected, enter two pairs of frequencies, f1 and f2, and the corresponding damping ratios ζ1 and ζ2 at these frequencies. The Rayleigh damping parameters are then computed as

In order to visualize the damping ratio as a function of frequency, click Damping Ratio Preview ().

This choice is effective only in Eigenfrequency and Frequency Domain study. The isotropic loss factor damping is described by the single isotropic loss factor ηs, which acts on all entries in the elastic constitutive matrix. It can be used for isotropic, orthotropic, and anisotropic materials.

When Isotropic loss factor is selected, use the Isotropic structural loss factor list to select the way to enter ηs. The default is to take the value From material. For User defined, enter another value or expression.

This choice is effective only in Eigenfrequency and Frequency Domain study. An elastic material is in general described by a symmetric 6-by-6 elasticity matrix D. The loss can be isotropic or anisotropic, and is described by either the isotropic loss factor ηs or by a symmetric anisotropic 6-by-6 loss factor matrix ηD or ηDVo. The orientations are the same as in the parent node.

When Anisotropic loss factor is selected, use the Loss factor for elasticity matrix D list to select the way to enter ηD or ηDVo. The default is to take the values From material. For User defined enter the components of ηD or ηDVo in the upper-triangular part of a symmetric 6-by-6 matrix.

This choice can be used in Eigenfrequency, Frequency Domain, and Time Dependent study. With viscous damping, the material will get additional stresses proportional to the strain rate. Enter Bulk viscosity ηb and Shear viscosity ηv to model damping caused by volume change and deformation, respectively.

This damping model can be used in Eigenfrequency, Frequency Domain, and Time Dependent studies. Enter the Maximum loss factor ηmax together with the Reference frequency fref, at which the maximum loss factor occurs. The model approximates the maximum loss factor around the provided reference frequency.

This damping model is only available when Isotropic is selected as the Material symmetry in the parent Linear Elastic Material feature. It can be used in Eigenfrequency, Frequency Domain, and Time Dependent study. Enter the elastic wave spatial Attenuation coefficient for the pressure waves (p-subscript) and shear waves (s-subscript) together with the Reference frequency fp,ref and fs,ref at which the respective coefficient was measured. You can also select the Attenuation unit for the Attenuation coefficient inputs. The available options are: decibel (dB) per wavelength, neper (Np) per wavelength, decibel per unit length, and neper per unit length. The damping model is similar to Viscous Damping, for which the software will use the effective bulk and shear viscosity computed automatically based on the attenuation inputs.

Enter the Loss factor for stiffness matrix DA, ηDA; Loss factor for stiffness matrix DB, ηDB; Loss factor for stiffness matrix DD, ηDD; and Loss factor for stiffness matrix DAs, ηDAs.

The default for all section properties is to take the values From material. Any one of the loss matrices can also be User defined. In that case, selecting Isotropic input is identical to selecting Diagonal input and entering the same value in all three diagonal components. In most cases, the Symmetric input option is the most relevant, since that is the only one in which a loss factor can be assigned to all elements in the section stiffness matrices.

Physics tab with Linear Elastic Material, Layered Linear Elastic Material, Hyperelastic Material, Layered Linear Hyperelastic Material, Nonlinear Elastic Material, Elastoplastic Soil Material, Section Stiffness, Fluid and Pipe Properties, or Elastic Wire node selected in the model tree: