The Ohmic Overpotential varies linearly with the battery current. The value of the Ohmic overpotential at 1C (V) specifies the value of ohmic voltage loss for a battery current of 1C. The 1C current equals the battery capacity value, set a the interface top node, divided by 1 h.

Enable Include activation overpotential to add a voltage loss related to the charge transfer processes in the battery. A Dimensionless charge exchange current value of 1 corresponds to an activation overpotential of approximately 25 mV for a battery current of 1C. For higher currents the activation overpotential varies approximately logarithmically with the current magnitude.

Enable Include double layer capacitance to include capacitative charging of the double layer over which the charge transfer processes occur. These effects typically occur on a time scale of tens of microseconds, or less.

Enable Include concentration overpotential to add a voltage loss related to mass transport (diffusion) processes in the battery. Two different concentration overpotential models are available: Particle diffusion and Resistor-Capacitor pair.

For Particle diffusion, the magnitude of the concentration overpotential will depend both on the Open circuit voltage, specified on the Cell Equilibrium Potential node, and the cycling history of the battery. The value of the Diffusion time constant is related to the relaxation time of the battery for reaching steady state at open circuit. Increasing the value of the diffusion time constant will generally increase the concentration overpotential.

For the Resistor-Capacitor pair option, the concentration overpotential will depend both on the RC time constant and the RC potential at 1C parameters. The latter parameter equals the steady-state overpotential that the RC component will approach for a 1C constant load. (Note that the Particle diffusion overpotential will never reach a steady state value for a constant load.)

This section is only available when Include concentration overpotential is enabled, using a Particle diffusion model. The section handles the settings for how the extra dimension used for solving the diffusion equation is defined. For the settings of this section, see the Particle Intercalation node in the Lithium-Ion Battery and Battery with Binary Electrolyte interfaces.