When modeling the control of an electrochemical cell by a potentiostat, which monitors and controls the potential of an electrodes versus a reference electrode, the electric potential conditions should be applied to the boundaries over which the current flows in the cell. One electrode (the counter electrode) is typically grounded, whereas an electric potential condition is set on all other (working) electrode boundaries according to
where s , bnd (SI unit: V) is the applied electric boundary potential on the electrode.