where do is the outer diameter. This stress then replaces the stress from the stress evaluation points in maximum stress expressions. This ensures that the correct peak stress is evaluated irrespective of where it appears along the circumference.
where Wt is the torsional section modulus. This result is available only in 3D.
where Tlz is available only in 3D. In the case of Timoshenko theory shear force is computed directly from the shear strain.