A shell can be coupled to a solid by adding a Solid-Shell Connection multiphysics coupling. In the settings, set Connection type to Solid boundaries to shell edges. This situation typically occurs when you want to make a transition from a thin region to one which is thicker. Usually, shell assumptions should be valid on both sides of the transition. The solid geometry is expected to have the same thickness as the thickness given in the Shell interface.

You can choose between two different formulations, by setting Method to either Rigid or Flexible. The flexible version is significantly more accurate locally at the connected solid boundary, but it comes with a cost in terms of some extra degrees of freedom. Also, this method requires a large enough number of degrees of freedom in the thickness direction of the solid. For second order elements, typically three elements are required.

A shell can also be coupled to a solid by adding a Solid-Shell Connection multiphysics coupling with Connection type set to Solid and shell shared boundaries or Solid and shell parallel boundaries. This connection is used to add a shell on top of a solid as a ‘cladding’. It is possible to include an offset distance. The boundaries may be coincident or parallel.

A beam in 2D can be coupled to a solid by adding a Solid-Beam Connection multiphysics coupling. In the settings, set Connection type to Solid boundaries to beam points. This coupling is intended for modeling a transition from a beam to a solid where beam assumptions are valid on both sides of the connection.

You can choose between two different formulations, by setting Method to either Rigid or Flexible. The flexible version is significantly more accurate locally at the connected solid boundary, but it comes with a cost in terms of some extra degrees of freedom. Also, this method requires a large enough number of degrees of freedom in the thickness direction of the solid. For second order elements, typically three elements are required.

A beam in 3D can be coupled to a solid by adding a Solid-Beam Connection multiphysics coupling. In the settings, set Connection type to either Solid boundaries to beam points, general. or Solid boundaries to beam points, transition. These two couplings are fundamentally different.

The Solid boundaries to beam points, general connection is used for modeling a beam with one end ‘welded’ to the face of the solid. You can specify the size of the area around the beam end that is connected in several ways.

The Solid boundaries to beam points, transition coupling is intended for modeling a transition from a beam to a solid where beam assumptions are valid on both sides of the connection. Thus, the geometry of the solid at the transition should match the cross section data given to the beam.

This connection type includes warping of the solid cross section. In order to compute the warping properties, an extra PDE is solved over the cross section boundaries. To improve the performance, you should preferably solve for these variables once in a separate stationary study or study step. In that study step, deselect all physics interfaces except the Solid-Beam Connection multiphysics coupling in the Physics and Variables Selection section.

There are four warping variables, one named ‘Warping function’, and three named ‘Warping constant’. In the successive study steps, you need to manually suppress them. This you can do under the Dependent Variables node, where you first set Defined by study step to User Defined. Then for each of these four variables, clear the Solve for this field check box.

A beam in 2D can also be coupled to a solid by adding a Solid-Beam Connection multiphysics coupling with Connection type set to Solid and beam shared boundaries or Solid and beam parallel boundaries. This connection is used for adding a beam on top of a solid as a ‘cladding’. It is possible to include an offset distance. The boundaries may be coincident or parallel.

A beam in 3D can also be coupled to a solid by adding a Solid-Beam Connection multiphysics coupling with Connection type set to Solid boundaries to beam edges. This connection is used for adding a beam which is ‘welded’ along the surface of the solid.

A beam can be coupled to a shell by adding a Shell-Beam Connection multiphysics coupling with Connection type set to either Shell and beam shared boundaries or Shell and beam parallel boundaries. This connection is used for adding beams as stiffeners to shells. The edges may be coincident or parallel. It is possible to prescribe that the beam has an offset from the shell when a coincident edge is used.

A beam can be coupled to a shell by adding a Shell-Beam Connection multiphysics coupling with Connection type set to Shell boundaries to beam points. This connection is used for modeling a beam with one end ‘welded’ to the face of the shell. You can specify the size of the area around the beam end that is connected in several ways.

A beam can be coupled to a shell by adding a Shell-Beam Connection multiphysics coupling with Connection type set to Shell edges to beam points. This connection is used for modeling a beam with one end ‘welded’ to the edge of the shell. You can specify how large portion of the edge that is connected to the beam end in several ways.

The underlying theory and more details can be found in Connection Between Shells and Solids and Connection Between Shells and Beams.

The most general method of connecting parts modeled with different physics interfaces is by using a General Extrusion operator. In this case the parts need not even be in contact, so the connection is an abstraction.

An example could be a shell stiffened by beams. In practice, you would probably use the built-in coupling described in Beam Edge to Shell Edge (3D) for this case, but the examples displays the principles.

Here is the rotation vector, which contains the rotational degrees of freedom in the Beam interface. The rotation vector is also available as a variable in the Shell interface, where it is derived from the rotational degrees of freedom a. The shell normal is denoted by n.