Port
The Port boundary condition is used to excite and absorb acoustic waves that enter or leave waveguide structures, like a duct or channel, in an acoustic model. A given port condition supports one specific propagating mode. To provide the full acoustic description, combine several port conditions on the same boundary. Make sure that all propagating modes in the studied frequency range are included (all modes that have a cutoff frequency in the frequency range). By doing this the, combined port conditions provides a superior non-reflecting or radiation condition for waveguides to, for example, the Plane Wave Radiation condition or a perfectly matched layer (PML) configuration. The same port boundary condition feature should not applied to several waveguide inlets/outlets. The port condition supports S-parameter (scattering parameter) calculation but it can also be used as a source to just excite a system. The Port boundary condition exist for 3D and 2D axisymmetric models.
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Duct with Right-Angled Bend: Application Library path Acoustics_Module/Tutorials/duct_right_angled_bend
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Absorptive Muffler: Application Library path Acoustics_Module/Automotive/absorptive_muffler
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Muffler with Perforates: Application Library path Acoustics_Module/Automotive/perforated_muffler
On a given boundary, a combination of ports will define the total acoustic field (sum of incident and outgoing waves) as
where the summation “i” is over all ports on the given boundary “bnd”, Sij is the scattering parameter, Ain is the amplitude of the incident field (at port “j”), and pi is the mode shape of the i-th port. The mode shape pi is normalized to have a unit maximum amplitude. This definition means that the scattering parameter Sij defines the amplitude of mode i when a system is exited at port j (with mode j). This corresponds to a multi-mode expansion of the solution on the given port. The scattering parameters are automatically calculated when an acoustic model is set up with just one port exciting the system. To get the full scattering matrix the The Port Sweep Functionality can be used.
Only one port should be excited at a time if the purpose is to compute S-parameters. The S-parameters are defined as acpr.S11, acpr.S21, etc. and can be used in postprocessing.
In other cases, having more than one port exciting the system might be wanted, but the S-parameter variables cannot be correctly computed. So when several ports are excited, the S-parameter output is turned off.
Port Properties
Enter a unique Port name. Only nonnegative integer numbers can be used as Port name as it is used to define the elements of the S-parameter matrix. The numeric port names are also required for port sweep functionality. The port name is automatically incremented by one every time a port condition is added.
Select a Type of port: User defined (the default), Numeric, Circular, or Rectangular. Depending on the selection different options appear in the Port Mode Settings section (see below). Use the Circular and Rectangular for ports with the given cross section. If the port has a different cross section then either use the User defined option or the Numeric port.
Port Mode Settings
Depending on the option selected in the Type of port (see above):
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For User defined enter user defined expressions for the Mode shape pn and the Mode wave number kn (SI unit: rad/m). The modes shape will automatically be scaled before it is used in the port condition. The normalized mode shape can be visualized by plotting acpr.port1.pn (here for Port 1 etc.). Use the user defined option to enter a known analytical expression or to use the solution from the The Pressure Acoustics, Boundary Mode Interface. The solutions from the boundary mode analysis can be referenced using the withsol() operator.
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The Numeric port options is used for waveguide cross sections that are neither circular nor rectangular. In this case a boundary mode problem is solved on the port face to compute the desired propagating mode. This options requires the use of a Boundary Mode Analysis step in the study. It should be placed before the Frequency Domain step. In the study add one Boundary Mode Analysis step for each Numeric port and make sure to reference the proper Port name in the study step. When using the Numeric port it is not possible to perform a frequency sweep in the Frequency Domain study step. Only one frequency can be used and it should correspond to the Mode analysis frequency entered in the Boundary Mode Analysis step(s). One option is to add a Parametric Sweep and define a parameter for the frequency used in both the steps. In this case care should be taken when setting up the search criteria in the mode analysis.
When the Numeric port option is used and the boundary mode analysis is run, the boundary conditions from the Pressure Acoustics model are automatically inherited in the boundary problem. For this automatic procedure, there is only support for the Sound Hard Boundary (Wall), Symmetry, Pressure, and Sound Soft conditions. If you need more complex behavior use the Pressure Acoustics, Boundary Mode physics interface in combination with the User defined port type.
When running a frequency domain sweep, in a model that uses either the Circular or the Rectangular port options, you can get a solver warning: New constraint force nodes detected: These are not stored.
This warning can be disregarded. The reason for the warning is that certain constraints, in underlying equations, only are activated when the frequency is above the mode cut-off frequency.
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The Circular port option is used for a port with a circular cross section. Enter the Mode number, azimuthal m and the Mode number, radial n to define the mode captured by the port. In 3D, also right-click the Port condition to add the Circular Port Reference Axis when the Circular port type is selected. The cutoff frequency of the mode can be evaluated in postprocessing using the variable acpr.port1.fc (here for Port 1 etc.).
Figure 2-1: The first 6 modes (m,n) of a waveguide with circular cross section.
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The Rectangular port option is used for a port with a rectangular cross section. Enter the Mode number, longest side m and the Mode number, shortest side n to define the mode captured by the port. The cutoff frequency of the mode can be evaluated in postprocessing using the variable acpr.port1.fc (here for Port 1 etc.).
Figure 2-2: The first 6 modes (m,n) of a waveguide of rectangular cross section.
Incident Mode Settings
Activate if the given port is excited by an incident wave of the given mode shape. For the first Port condition added in a model, the Incident wave excitation at this port is set to On. For subsequent conditions added the excitation is set to Off per default. If more than one port in a model is excited the S-parameter calculation is not performed.
When the Incident wave excitation at this port is set to On, then select how to define the incident wave. Select the Define incident wave: Amplitude (the default) or Power.
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For Amplitude enter the amplitude Ain (SI unit: Pa) of the incident wave. This is in general defined as the maximum amplitude for a given mode shape.
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For Power enter the power Pin (SI unit: W) of the incident wave. This is in general defined as the RMS power of the incident wave.
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For both options enter the phase φin (SI unit: rad) of the incident wave. This phase contribution is multiplied with the amplitude defined by the above options. Note that the Amplitude input can be a complex number.
Note that when the Activate port sweep option is selected at the physics level, the options in the Incident Mode Settings section are deactivated and grayed out. This is because this option automatically sends in a mode of unit amplitude, sweeping through one port at the time.
If a waveguide is cut with one or several symmetry planes, care should be taken when setting up the port modes and when postprocessing.
For the Circular and Rectangular options make sure to only select modes that are actually symmetric according to the symmetry planes.
When postprocessing remember that absolute values like, for example, the outgoing power at port 1, acpr.port1.P_out, needs to be multiplied with an appropriate factor. Multiplication with two if one symmetry plane is used etc.
Constraint Settings
To display this section, click the Show button () and select Advanced Physics Options.
The Port Sweep Functionality
The port sweep functionality is used to reconstruct the full scattering matrix Sij by automatically sweeping the port excitation through all the ports included in the model. When the port sweep is activated, the options in the Incident Mode Settings in the port conditions are deactivated and COMSOL controls which port is excited with an incident mode.
The port sweep functionality is activated at the main physics interface level by selecting Activate port sweep in the Port Sweep Settings section. Enter the Sweep parameter name, the default is PortName. Create a parameter with the same name under Global Definitions>Parameters 1. This is the name of the parameter to be used in a parametric sweep, here it should represent the Port name integer values (defined when adding the port conditions). Add a parametric sweep study step and run the sweep over the PortName parameter with an integer number of values representing all the ports in the model. Once the model is solved the full scattering matrix can be evaluated using the defined global variables acpr.S11, acpr.S21, acpr.S12 etc.