Physics-Related Checks and Guidelines
There are some important checks and guidelines that primarily apply to different areas of physics. Making these checks ensures that the model input is sufficient and increases the chances for successful modeling. See also the modeling sections of the documentation for the physics interfaces and the modules for more information related to modeling different physics.
Fluid Flow and Transport Phenomena
The following checks and guidelines primarily apply to fluid-flow modeling but also to modeling of other transport phenomena:
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If none of the boundary conditions include the pressure (most outlet conditions do, however), then you should specify the pressure at some point in the fluid domain. Without a specified pressure, the problem is underconstrained and it is difficult to get convergence.
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Make sure that the mesh if sufficiently fine, so that it contains at least 4–6 mesh elements across the thickness of a channel, for example.
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Make sure that the boundary conditions and the initial conditions match for time-dependent problems. For example, instead of starting with a full velocity on the wall, compared to a zero initial velocity field in the fluid, ramp up the velocity with a smoothed step function or a ramp function that takes the inlet velocity from zero, which matches the initial value for the velocity field, to the full velocity. See Avoiding Strong Transients.
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For fluid-flow models it is important to estimate the flow regime (laminar or turbulent) using the Reynolds number, for example. If the flow is in the turbulent regime, a turbulence model is typically required.
Acoustic, Structural, and Electromagnetic Wave Propagation
For models that describe wave propagation, it is important to fully resolve the wave in both time and space. In practice that means using a maximum mesh element size that provides about 10 linear or five second-order elements per wavelength and also, for transient simulations, a fixed time step that is small enough.
Structural Mechanics
The following checks and guidelines primarily apply to modeling of structural mechanics:
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Make sure that the model is fully constrained. At a minimum, you typically need to constrain the model to avoid all rigid-body movement, which for a 3D solid mechanics model means 6 constraints for three translations and three rotations. Otherwise, the solution is not well defined and does not converge.
The structural mechanics interfaces include a Rigid Motion Suppression feature, which eliminates all rigid-body movement. If you do not use that feature, it is not possible to add all 6 constraints in a single point, where you can constrain at most three translational degrees of freedom. For a 3D solid model you can use a “3–2–1 approach” to constrain 3 degrees of freedom at one point (a fixed constraint), 2 at another point, and 1 at a third point. To do so, select three convenient points (vertices) that are well separated. Then fix the first point in all three directions. Constrain the second point in the two directions orthogonal (normal) to the vector from point one to point two making sure that there is no restriction to deformation along the line from point one to point two. Finally, constrain the third point in a direction normal to the plane formed by the three points. To test this approach, the model should expand or contract under temperature loading and have small stresses throughout with no stress concentrations. The corresponding minimum constraints for a 2D model are a fixed constraint at one point for the 2 translational degrees of freedom and an additional constraint in one direction at another point to constrain the single rotational degree of freedom.
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Consider if you can assume that the material is linear elastic and that the deformations are small. If not, consider using a nonlinear material model.
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Avoid sharp corners in the geometry, which are unphysical and lead to unbounded stress concentrations.